crimea natural resources
Important industrial cities include Dzhankoi, housing a major railway connection, Krasnoperekopsk and Armiansk, among others. A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government started promoting the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. Ukraine's economic significance for Russia and the West. However, Gazprom's Nord Stream II pipeline which goes through the Baltic Sea might have hit a major roadblock with the Russian President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine. [48] In winter these winds bring in cold, dry continental air, while in summer they bring in dry and hot weather. The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of 812 kilometres (5.07.5mi) from the sea by a parallel range of mountains: the Crimean Mountains. [48] In the mountains, the mean annual temperature is around 5.7C (42.3F). A senior Pentagon official has called the war's frontlines in Ukraine a "grinding slog" as he said that Russian forces are unlikely to make significant . Russia's reasons for exerting pressure on its smaller neighbor are deeply rooted in economics, history and culture. Apart from natural gas, Ukraine abounds with minerals such as iron, coal, titanium, and other non-metallic raw materials. [36] The largest rivers are the Salhyr (Salr, ), the Kacha (), the Alma (), and the Belbek (). For obvious reasons, the Crimean Tatars take a dim view of renewed Russian incursions into their homeland, and are likely to put up some resistance. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. Also many solar photovoltaic SES plants lie along the peninsula, in addition to a smaller facility north of Sevastopol. There also is the gas thermal Saky plant located close to Jodobrom chemical plant and SaKhZ(SaChP) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU turbogenerators. Nearby: East of the Kerch Strait the Ancient Greeks founded colonies at Phanagoria (at the head of Taman Bay), Hermonassa (later Tmutarakan and Taman), Gorgippia (later a Turkish port and now Anapa). Journey by a mountainous part of Crimea", "Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage", "In Crimea has receded one of the largest reservoirs", North Crimean Canal. The point that the US is aiming to make is to stop Russia from dominating Europe through energy dependence and what US Secretary of State Antony Blinken termed "weaponising heat" by controlling gas during winter months when Europe needs Russia to stay warm. "Shortly before the occupation, agreements were . The classical name for Crimea, Tauris or Taurica, is from the Greek (Taurik), after the peninsula's Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a Jewish population of 4.20%, not including a Karaite population of 0.43%. Concerns over this change in political leadership led Russia to annex the Crimea, and to support a rebellion by the eastern Ukraine provinces that . Why is that? Lithium fields in Ukraine are concentrated in Zaporizhzhia oblast (Kruta Balka area), Donetsk (Shevchenkivske field), and Kirovohrad (Polokhivske field, Dobra area). It's the leading nation when it comes to reserves of titanium, iron and non-metallic raw materials. [60], In 2014, the republic's annual GDP was $4.3billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia's economy). The northwestern portion holds estimated reserves of 495.7 bcm of natural gas and 50.4 million tons of oil and condensate. ", "Russia-Ukraine Update: Crimea Attracts More Than 4 Million Tourists Despite Annexation", "What is the Crimea, and why does it matter? As it happens, Crimea's oil and gas resources could be significant. natural resource, any biological, mineral, or aesthetic asset afforded by nature without human intervention that can be used for some form of benefit, whether material (economic) or immaterial. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate . They were also known as slave traders who raided lands as far north as modern-day Poland. When the Bolsheviks secured Crimea, it became an autonomous soviet republic within Russia. The classical name was used in 1802 in the name of the Russian Taurida Governorate. Geography and Climate of Crimea The article studies the role of energy resources in the annexation of Crimea by the Russian government. Some cities became trading colonies of Genoa, until conquered by the Ottoman Empire. [42] Lake Syvash (Sva or ) is a system of interconnected shallow lagoons on the north-eastern coast, covering an area of around 2,560km2 (988sqmi). [39], There are more than fifty salt lakes and salt pans on the peninsula. Boeing, in a statement on January 31, said that the tensions over Ukraine create an "adverse climate" for its business. It comprises the main peninsula and a smaller peninsula known as the Kerch Peninsula. The structure of hydrocarbons production in Ukraine is as follows: natural gas 89 percent, oil 7.9 percent, and gas condensate 3.1 percent. If you're looking for a time when the geopolitical scene in Crimea was stable, you won't have much luck. [119], A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia instead of Ukraine at future competitions, including Vera Rebrik, the European javelin champion. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the Bosporan Kingdom which was annexed by Pontus and then became a client kingdom of Rome from 63 BCE to 341 CE. 23. Several times a week Simferopol is also linked with Volgograd, Sochi, Yekaterinburg, Omsk and even Murmansk by train. Thus, much of the gas exploration, as well as production, have been transferred to Russia, due to which Ukraine's resources remain untapped. Ukraine has high concentrations of coal, iron, oil . Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Russian justification that this action was taken to protect Russian ethnicity, as declared . Russia is looking for new ways to supplant its dwindling Siberian energy reserves. Visa and MasterCard temporarily stopped service in Crimea in December 2014. [48] The plains usually receive 300 to 400 millimetres (11.8 to 15.7in) of precipitation per year, increasing to 560 millimetres (22.0in) in the southern coast at sea level. South: In the south, between the Crimean Mountains and the sea runs a narrow coastal strip which was held by the Genoese and (after 1475) by the Turks. The energy picture in Crimea and Ukraine is also tricky: Crimea relies on Ukraine for much of its electricity, and Europe relies on Russia for about 25 percent of its natural gas, according to CNN. Today, the Crimean Tatar name of the peninsula is Qrm, while the Russian is (Krym), and the Ukrainian is (Krym). Reports of explosions in Bakhchysarai, occupied Crimea. The country's geostrategic position has rendered it susceptible to the ongoing larger conflict between Russia and the West. In the 14th century, it became part of the Golden Horde; the Crimean Khanate emerged as a successor state. Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 12611475., These numbers exclude the population numbers for Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky Uyezds, which were on mainland. Though Crimea is recognized worldwide as a part of Ukraine, the Russian Navy has kept its Black Sea Fleet stationed at a naval base in Sevastopol (in southern Crimea) since the late 1700s. . [32] Russia then claimed to have annexed Crimea, although most countries still recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.[33]. which is highly dependent on Russian natural gas and requires the unanimous assent of 27 . Lands controlled by Russia[b] and Poland-Lithuania were often the target of slave raids during this period. 2. Marc Lallanilla has been a science writer and health editor at About.com and a producer with ABCNews.com. He also created battle paintings during the Crimean War. According to Reuters, Crimea may nationalize oil and gas assets within its borders belonging to Ukraine, and sell them off to Russia. [78], In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a "health-improvement" destination. Crimea was the background for Adam Mickiewicz's seminal work, The Crimean Sonnets inspired by his 1825 travel. Ukraine's major resources Russian-controlled areas since Feb. 24 Russia-annexed (Crimea) or separatist-controlled (Donbas) areas since 2014 Coal Metals 100 MILES Crimea Crimea Natural gas. Crimea[a] (/krami/ (listen) kry-MEE-) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. Ores such as iron, titanium, and non-metallic raw materials are some of the country's major exports, and so are iron ore ($3.36 billion), corn ($4.77 billion), semi-finished iron ($2.55 billion), and seed oils ($3.75 billion), which are exported largely to China ($3.94 billion), Germany ($3.08 billion), and Italy ($2.57 billion), Poland ($2.75 billion), and to Russia ($4.69 billion). Russian-allied troops in Crimea have taken hold of key targets including airports, government offices and military bases and Russian military leaders demanded the complete surrender of all Ukrainian forces in Crimea on Monday (March 3). Natural resources can be defined as the resources that exist (on the planet) independent of human actions. * Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! One of the modern Ukrainian drilling rigs stolen by Russia during the annexation of the Crimea. "The Crimea! Towns on the northern steppe area are all modern, notably Dzhankoi, a major road- and rail-junction. In 2019, Russia and Ukraine inked a transit agreement that allows easy transfer of Siberian gas to the EU through Ukraine's huge gas transportation system, regardless of unilateral sanctions by the US. During its heyday, 27,000 children a year vacationed at Artek. [48] Winds from the northwest bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean, causing precipitation during spring and summer. In the 15th century, the Khanate became a dependency of the Ottoman Empire. These are the resources that are found in the environment and are developed without the intervention of humans. [61], Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and wine-making, particularly in the Yalta and Massandra regions. The source of power in the Crimean Republic is its people, which constitutes to the multinational nation of the Russian Federation. A number of dams have created reservoirs; among the largest are the Simferopolskoye, Alminskoye,[43] the Taygansky and the Belogorsky just south of Bilohirsk in Bilohirsk Raion. Crimea is located between the temperate and subtropical climate belts and is characterized by warm and sunny weather. All are natural resources that play critical roles in the clean energy technology essential to the shift away from fossil fuels that scientists say is necessary to ward off the worst consequences . The city Staryi Krym ('Old Crimea'),[3] served as a capital of the Crimean province of the Golden Horde. Russia eventually lost and ceded its claim to the peninsula, but not before the cities and villages of Crimea were ravaged. History of construction, "Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv", "Crimea Drills For Water As Crisis Deepens In Parched Peninsula", "Geographical Survey of the Crimean region", "Climate in Crimea, Weather in Yalta: How Often Does it Rain in Crimea? In 1783, the Russian Empire annexed Crimea after an earlier war with Turkey. It became a "health" destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea. It was often fortified and sometimes garrisoned by the Turks. [120] Due to Russia currently being suspended from all international athletic competitions Rebrik participates in tournaments as a "neutral" athlete.[121]. [24], From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.[25]. The Black Sea-Crimean oil and gas province occupies the Black Sea depression with the Crimean peninsula, the Black and Azov seas. Besides the isthmus of Perekop, the peninsula is connected to the Kherson Oblast's Henichesk Raion by bridges over the narrow Chonhar and Henichesk straits and over Kerch Strait to the Krasnodar Krai. The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the Russian Empire. Crimea has its own legislative body the 100-member Supreme Council of Crimea and executive power is held by a Council of Ministers, which is headed by a chairman who serves with the approval of the president of Ukraine. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). A major source of prosperity in these times were frequents raids into Russia for slaves. Of course, this figure is less impressive than in 2019 when eight million people visited the region, but it is still quite impressive. under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. As a buffer for the two conflicting blocs, Ukraine has had very difficult choices to make in the last decade. Ukrainian geologists note that Crimea is very rich in natural resources. Moscow's Crimea annexation is a double whammy against Ukrainian energy security - blocking Kiev's access to Black Sea oil and gas while extending Mr. Putin's energy dominance in Europe. During World War II, Crimea was downgraded to an oblast. South of Sevastopol is the small Heracles Peninsula. Between 1315 and 1329 CE, the Arab writer Ab al-Fid recounted a political fight in 13001301 CE which resulted in a rival's decapitation and his head being sent "to the Crimea",[4] apparently in reference to the peninsula,[5] although some sources hold that the name of the capital was extended to the entire peninsula at some point during Ottoman suzerainty (14411783).[6]. Crimea contains the longest (96km or 59mi) trolleybus route in the world, founded in 1959, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta. 2) Economical exploitation is carried out in Crimea. Ukraine was the fifth largest exporter of iron ore in the world in 2019 and in the same year, iron ore was the third most-exported product in the country. They exercise in extremis administration of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea from Kyiv in the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. The coast then runs south to Sevastopol/Chersonesus, a good natural harbor, great naval base and the largest city on the peninsula. [51], The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide quick access to the Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and Middle East. [Video - World War II Underwater Graveyard Discovered]. Putin has also spoken of Crimea's historic links to Russia and Russia's Black Sea Fleet. Using this exclusive economic zone you literally lay claim to huge chunk of the entire Black Sea. The climate is a big reason why Russian leaders are so adamant about keeping Crimea within their sphere: The Black Sea is home to Russia's only warm-water ports. [108] According to the 2001 Ukrainian population census, 60% of the population of Crimea are ethnic Russians and 24% are ethnic Ukrainians.[107]. The terrain that lies south of the sheltering Crimean Mountain range is of an altogether different character. 24 min read. [7] Common examples of natural resources include air, sunlight, water, soil, stone, plants, animals and fossil fuels. ", "Crimea Annexation 'Robbery on International Scale', " ", " ::", "Tourist Season A Washout in Annexed Crimea", " , 2014 ", " , 2016 ", "Autonomous Republic of Crimea Information card", "Russia to cover Crimea's $1.5 billion budget deficit with state funds- TV", "Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex", UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR), International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences, "Ukraine's Black Sea gas ambitions seen at risk over Crimea", "East European Gas Analysis Ukrainian Gas Pipelines", "Investment portal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea investments in Crimea "Chernomorneftegaz" presented a program of development till 2015", "Crimea goes dark after Russian shutdown leaves the peninsula without power", "Putin orders military exercise as protesters clash in Crimea", "The longest trolleybus line in the world! [48] In January mean temperatures range from 3C (26.6F) in Armiansk to 4.4C (39.9F) in Myskhor. [81][82] In general they prohibit the sale, supply, transfer, or export of goods and technology in several sectors, including services directly related to tourism and infrastructure. [48] Cool-season temperatures average around 7C (44.6F) and it is rare for the weather to drop below freezing except in the mountains, where there is usually snow. During WWII, they were forcibly deported on the orders of Stalin, as they were regarded as a potential "fifth column". The Crimean peninsula extends off the southern coast of Ukraine into the Black Sea. Russia has been strategically developing its natural gas resources to isolate Ukraine and to make it more difficult from an economic perspective for the Unitied States and its allies to assist. Geographers generally divide the peninsula into three zones: the steppe, the Crimean Mountains, and the Southern Coast. Ukraine loses half of its natural gas deposits due to occupation of Crimea. [53], According to the International Transport Workers' Federation, as of 2013[update] there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea. A natural resource might be any natural substance that humans utilise. The recorded history of the Crimean Peninsula begins around the fifth century BCE when several Greek colonies were established along its Southern Coast, the most important of which was Chersonesos near modern-day Sevastopol, with Scythians and Tauri in the hinterland to the north. The primary source of hydrocarbons in Ukraine is natural gas, though the most lucrative gas reserves are located below 5,000 meters. [48] As well, winds from the southwest bring very warm and wet air from the subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea and cause precipitation during fall and winter. Luke Coffey. The development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century. [49] In the central and mountainous areas the climate is transitional between the continental climate to the north and the Mediterranean climate to the south. [112] The 2001 Ukrainian census reports just 2,500 ethnic Germans (0.1% of population) in Crimea. The longest river of Crimea is the Salhyr at 204km (127mi). Furthermore, the natural gas that Russia sends to Europe travels largely through pipelines that snake across the Ukrainian landscape. The new illegal Crimean government has entrusted Gazprom to manage the peninsula's energy resources. The region contains oil and gas resources, key energy pipelines, shipping lanes, and fiber-optic cables. Troop movements are also being conflated. The eastern tip of the Crimean peninsula comprises the Kerch Peninsula, separated from Taman Peninsula on the Russian mainland by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, at a width of between 313 kilometres (1.98.1mi). [60] Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone (found around Kerch) since ancient times. [63] Scelioninae and Tachinidae are important parasitoids of sunnpest. Despite its devastation, the Crimean War was noteworthy for several advances: Florence Nightingale and Russian surgeons introduced modern methods of nursing and battlefield care that are still in use today; the Russians soon abolished their medieval system of serfdom (in which peasants were bound to serve landowners, even as soldiers); and the use of photography and the telegraph gave the war a distinctly modern cast. Crimea is 95 per cent ethnic Russians and was annexed after the . [60] Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. From 1853 to 1856, the Crimean War roiled the area, as France, England and the Ottoman Empire fought the Russians for control of Crimea and the Black Sea. [48] For every 100m (330ft) increase in altitude, temperatures decrease by 0.65C (1.17F) while precipitation increases. Until 2014 the network was part of the Cisdneper Directorate of the Ukrainian Railways. Second, it's about natural resources. In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations[30] against the removal of the Russia-leaning Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych in Kyiv. But that began to change in 2014: after a popular uprising in Ukraine ousted the country's Kremlin-friendly president, Russia annexed Crimea . In Photos: Amazing Ruins of the Ancient World, Video - World War II Underwater Graveyard Discovered. The answer lies in Crimea's unique climate, diverse culture, geography and often-troubled history. Some clubs registered to join the Russian leagues but the Football Federation of Ukraine objected. Natural reserves of Crimea are six objects on the territory of which plants, animals, landscapes and ecosystems are carefully preserved. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the Caucasus region and the Caspian Sea to central and Eastern Europe. Crimea is a peninsula that protrudes straight into the Black Sea. The US and Europe could be looking at food and energy security by trying to ensure Ukraine's tilt towards the West, but will Russia allow it? The origin of the word Qrm is uncertain. [1] The peninsula is almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. Copyright2023 Living Media India Limited. The Crimean Tatars were forcibly expelled to Central Asia by Joseph Stalin's government as a form of collective punishment, on the grounds that some had joined the invading Waffen-SS, forming Tatar Legions, during World War II. The cities of Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol, Chornomorske and Yevpatoria are connected to one another by sea routes. Older plants in operation include the Sevastopol TEC (close to Inkerman) which uses AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators generating about 25 MW each, Sinferopol TEC (north, in Agrarne locale) Yepvatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch south Zaliv) and a few others. There are more than 2,500 peat deposits (2.2 billion tons). It has vast offshore oil and gas resources in the Black Sea, estimated between 4-13 trillion cm of natural gas. Photo: AxeL M, CC BY-SA 4.0. We should start receiving ten million tourists annually by 2025. Exports, including the above, account. Alushta Embankment. Putin's priority was this substantive population as Russia is the largest nation in the world and has large natural resources. At the mouth of the Bug stood Olvia. . Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. They list seven ports where cruise ships cannot dock. [115] Notwithstanding the annexation, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) kept control of its eparchies in Crimea.[116]. 1. natural resources - resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature. He is the author of Russian Nationalism and the Russian-Ukrainian War (Routledge 2022) and joint editor of Ukraine's Outpost. Both Russia and the West see Ukraine as a prospective buffer against each other. But the semiarid climate that makes Crimea such a popular tourist destination also makes the peninsula largely dependent on Ukraine for water, as well as about 70 percent of its food, according to Slate. The Crimean Mountains and the southern coast are part of the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion. It has a population of 2.4 million. With Russia's movements becoming increasingly suspicious . With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991 most of the peninsula was reorganized as the Republic of Crimea,[27][28] although in 1995 the Republic was forcibly abolished by Ukraine with the Autonomous Republic of Crimea established firmly under Ukrainian authority. Crimea (/ k r a m i / kry-MEE-) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014.It has a population of 2.4 million. Alexander Pushkin visited Bakhchysarai in 1820 and later wrote the poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. Golitsyn Path. Crimea has been a part of Ukraine since 1954, when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev "gave" it to Ukraine, which was then part of the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. North of the peninsula the Dnieper turns westward and enters the Black Sea through the eastwest Dnieper-Bug Estuary which also receives the Bug River. When did Democrats and Republicans switch platforms? land resources - natural resources in the form of land. "We are scared for our families, for our children.". Iron ore reserves New York, [45], Crimea is facing an unprecedented water shortage crisis.[46][47]. This is the main knowledge gap that this article addresses. Greeks colonized its southern fringe and were absorbed by the Roman and Byzantine Empires and successor states while remaining culturally Greek. Though the United States, along with many other nations and the U.N., has refused to recognize the validity of Russia's annexation of Crimea, its control remains disputed between both Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate . During the years of Soviet rule, the resorts and dachas of this coast served as prime perquisites of the politically loyal. As a buffer for the two conflicting blocs, Ukraine has had very difficult choices to make in the last decade. The one industry that could be majorly impacted should the Ukraine-Russia clash intensify, is the aircraft industry, mainly because titanium is an important component used in the manufacture of aeroplanes. ", "About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census", "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001", The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR, On Germans Living on the Territory of the Ukrainian SSR, The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union, "Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea", Russia seeks to crush Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Crimea for helping resist Russification, , , The Ukrainian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate demanded the return of the Crimea, "Eurovision 2016: Ukraine's Jamala wins with politically charged 1944", "UEFA-backed league starts play in Crimea", "Ukrainian Sport Minister urges Federations not to let athletes switch to Russia without serving qualifying period", 14 Russians bid to take part in IAAF World Championships, Lists of Crimean Tartar villages emptied in the May 1944 deportations, and most of them renamed in Russian, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&oldid=1142337575, Russian-speaking countries and territories, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing Crimean Tatar-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from March 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, (under construction) Tavrida highway (route Yevpatoria-) Sevastopol Simferopol (SW to W N to East ring) Bilohirsk, P59 (completely within the city of Sevastopol), This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:17.
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